Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is one of the most widely used over- the- counter pain relievers and fever reducers. While it is generally safe when taken at recommended doses, excessive or prolonged use of paracetamol can lead to serious health issues, particularly affecting the liver and kidneys.

The liver is primarily responsible for metabolizing paracetamol. When consumed in appropriate doses, the majority of paracetamol is converted into harmless substances that are excreted in the urine. However, a small portion is metabolized into a toxic byproduct called N- acetyl- p- benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). Normally, NAPQI is neutralized by glutathione, an antioxidant produced by the liver.

When paracetamol is taken in excessive amounts, the liver' s supply of glutathione can become depleted, allowing NAPQI to accumulate. This toxic compound damages liver cells, leading to acute liver injury or, in severe cases, liver failure. Symptoms of paracetamol- induced liver damage include nausea, vomiting, jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), and abdominal pain. In extreme cases, liver damage can be life- threatening without immediate medical intervention, such as a liver transplant.

The kidneys also play a role in processing and excreting paracetamol and its metabolites. Prolonged use or overdose can impair kidney function, a condition known as nephrotoxicity. This occurs when toxic metabolites directly damage the kidney' s filtering structures, leading to reduced efficiency in removing waste and toxins from the body. Chronic use of high doses of paracetamol has been linked to an increased risk of kidney failure, m especially in individuals with pre- existing kidney conditions.